An engine includes pistons, a crankshaft, cylinders, an intake manifold, an exhaust manifold, intake valves, exhaust valves, a fuel rail, and an Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The ECU coordinates operations of the intake valves, the exhaust valves, and the...

An engine for enabling a desired engine torque response of a vehicle includes an electronic control unit (ECU) and actuators. The ECU includes constraint modules and an engine torque control module, which includes an engine setpoint optimizer module, an en...