Disclosed herein are a variety of systems, compositions, and methods for reversibly storing electrical energy in a redox flow battery with a unit cell potential equal to or greater than 3.5 volts. The systems may include a positive section, a negative sect...

Composite powders for electrode production may be formed by blending a graphitization catalyst or precursor thereof with petroleum pitch under grinding conditions. The composite powders may comprise about 0.1 wt. % to about 30 wt. % graphitization catalyst...