A catalyst system includes a nanostructured textile catalyst and a 2D protective layer with room temperature spin defects disposed on the nanostructured textile catalyst and configured to monitor dissolution of the nanostructured textile catalyst. The 2D p...

Provided is a fuel cell capable of preventing elution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and/or a derivative thereof immobilized on an electrode, and capable of preventing performance degradation due to elution, and a method for manufacturing the fuel ce...